Not exactly sure what all you want for the identifications. If you could, please elaborate.

Not exactly sure what all you want for the identifications. If you could, please elaborate.

Identifications should be complete sentences which point out the significance of the term for Western Civilization.

CHAPTER EIGHT
RESTORATION OF AN ORDERED SOCIETY

MULTIPLE CHOICE

The page numbers listed below indicate the correct answers and their locations in the text.
1. Which of the following is not a characteristic of the period 1000-1150?
a. Kings abolish feudal ties to establish government and extend royal power
b. Papacy consolidates power
c. Growth of towns and trade
d. Monastic reform
e. The Crusades

2. Manorialism refers to
a. relationships between lords and vassals
b. urbanization and the development of guilds between 1050 and 1300
c. a lord's control over the serfs on his fief
d. economic organization of agricultural production
e. the growth of royal justice

3. The term “villein” describes
a. small villages in northern Italy
b. units of feudal political jurisdiction
c. an unfree peasant who worked in agriculture in England and France
d. the lord to whom a vassal owed primary loyalty
e. a vassal of the lowest rank

4. Glebe land is that
a. land on a manor owned by the lord
b. area conquered by the Crusades in Palestine
c. land under the protection of the Teutonic Knights
d. land reserved on a manor for the parish priest
e. land owned by a castellan

5. The obligations due a serf to his lord usually included
a. yearly rent on land
b. work three days a week on the demesne
c. paying a fine for leaving the manor
d. paying an inheritance tax
e. all of the above

6. Feudalism describes
a. a patron/client relationship between two freemen
b. the program of church reform initiated by Pope Gregory VII
c. the labor due a serf to his lord
d. the church's right to invest the clergy with the symbols of ecclesiastical office
e. agricultural production on a manor


7. A fief is
a. a style of armor developed around 1000 A.D. to protect knights
b. a tax paid by serfs to their lords on the marriage of their eldest daughter
c. land or money offered by families to attract a suitable husband for a daughter
d. a lord's concession of land to a vassal which imposed obligations to both
e. a form of heroic epic, best seen in The Song of Roland

8. Sub-infeudation describes
a. the process in which a lord retains rights of wardship over a vassal's children
b. a regranting of a portion of a fief to another vassal
c. the feudal custom of liege loyalty to subordinates
d. a process in which a fief is invested by the lord
e. the inheritance of a fief by a woman without paying a fine

9. Classic feudalism never had much influence in
a. England
b. Sicily and southern Italy
c. Kingdom of Jerusalem
d. France
e. Celtic areas

10. Primogeniture describes
a. Glebe lands belonging to priests
b. Large dowries inherited by daughters
c. The equal division of property among sons and daughters
d. The eldest son inheriting a fief
e. The removal of secular interference in the election of bishops

11. What promoted the formation of the feudal system?
a. Overpopulation in Europe required new means of government regulation
b. Increased agricultural production
c. Chaotic conditions and the need for security
d. The growing influence of the Church promoted readjustment of political institutions
e. Lawyers began to clarify, define, and regulate patron/client relationships

12. Along with the fief, a vassal usually received from his lord
a. The right to hold a manorial court
b. A dowry
c. A glebe
d. Primogeniture
e. A coat of arms

13. What is the most distinctive feature of twelfth century urban life?
a. Social hierarchy dominated by a closed aristocracy of patricians
b. Nobles and great landlords moved from the country into towns
c. The dominance of artisans and craftspeople in urban government
d. The decline in overseas trade
e. Fluid social division and vertical mobility that rewarded talent

14. Towns during the High Middle Ages differed from towns before that time in that after ca. 1000 towns:
a. became administrative centers as well as centers of defense
b. became the primary residences of bishops and other high church officials
c. became increasingly under the authority of feudal lords
d. became industrial and commercial centers
e. became ecclesiastical centers of administration

15. The Domesday Book is
a. The record of the Gregorian Reform of the Church
b. The record of criminal punishments handed down by Henry I's justices in eyre
c. The chronicle of Robert of Normandy's capture of Jerusalem by the Crusaders
d. A comprehensive survey of land in England compiled by William the Conqueror
e. The Court of Exchequer's record of debts owed to the Duke of Normandy

16. The Parliament of Britain today is a direct descendant of:
a. The Exchequer
b. Papal Curia
c. The curia regis
d. The King's Privy Council
e. College of Cardinals

17. The pattern of feudal development in France differed from that of England because
a. The English king only had a vague prestige over his vassals
b. The French king and the Church were constantly at fighting over prestige
c. English kings only desired a federation of fiefs bound by loyalty
d. England was much larger and contained more cultural diversity than France
e. French kings had to deal with a larger country encompassing greater diversity

18. Germany showed a pattern of development different than that of France or England because.
a. It kept a strong tradition of elective kingship
b. Germany was far from a hostile frontier and could develop more peacefully
c. Authority in France and England was concentrated among territorial nobles
d. English and French kings depended on their Parliaments to govern effectively
e. The strong role of the curia regis in Germany

19. Otto I used bishops and abbots to administrate his Empire because
a. Germany had no concept of "liege lord" and therefore Otto had little authority over vassals
b. They had no hereditary claims to their fiefs
c. He had few financial resources and therefore relied on the wealth of the Church and its officials to govern
d. With little education, Otto could intimidate church officials with his authority and power
e. The “Ottonian Renaissance” promoted the Church in the governance of the Empire

20. An excellent example of the “Ottonian Renaissance” is
a. The Domesday Book
b. The extension of German Imperial authority during the second age of feudalism
c. The victory of the German Emperor over the Church in the Investiture Controversy
d. Roswitha of Gandersheim
e. Tancred de Hauteville


21. The primary issue surrounding the Investiture Controversy involved:
a. The election of the Pope by the College of Cardinals
b. The "investing" and interference of Church officials in the financial policies of the English Exchequer
c. The claims of laymen to dispose of ecclesiastical office and revenues by their own authority
d. The extension of the jurisdiction of the papal curia at the expense of the curia regis
e. The selection of the King of Jerusalem from among the leaders of the First Crusade

22. The primary goal of Papal Reform was to
a. Enforce lay investiture
b. Eliminate the College of Cardinals from the election of the Pope
c. Free the Papacy from military dependence on the German Empire
d. Deprive Henry IV of his Empire
e. Abolish the decrees of the Concordat of Wörms

23. In promoting papal reform, Gregory VII (1073-1085) asserted that
a. The College of Cardinals should be abolished because it limited the authority of the pope
b. Lay investiture should be legal
c. The selection of the pope can only occur through simony
d. All Christian princes must answer to the pope in spiritual matters
e. Emperors and kings should be involved in the election of the pope

24. The Concordat of Wörms
a. Demanded Henry IV to resign as Holy Roman Emperor
b. Forced Gregory VII to abandon Rome
c. Stipulated that lay rulers copuld no longer invest prelates with the symbols of their office
d. Excommunicated the Holy Roman Emperor
e. Prevented the presence of the emperor or his representative at elections of imperial bishops and abbots

25. Which of the following is NOT a result of the Crusades?
a. Stimulation of Mediterranean trade
b. Improvement of relations with the Byzantine Empire
c. Establishment of a permanent feudal territories in Palestine
d. Pogroms against non-Christians, especially Jews
e. Encouraged exploration of different cultures by western Europeans

26. One of the reasons for the success of the First Crusade (1097-99) is
a. The Popular Crusade a year before softened up the Moslems
b. Moslem converts to Christianity diminished the ranks of the Moslem army
c. The military tactics of Richard I of England and Philip II of France
d. Division among Moslems between the Fatimids and Seljuks
e. Large-scale naval and logistic support from Italy and France

IDENTIFICATIONS


49. feudalism
50. serfs
51. demesne
52. investiture
53. primogeniture
54. fealty
55. excommunication
56. boon work
57. glebe land
58. Reconquista
59. patricians
60. Norman Conquest
61. Domesday Book
62. exchequer
63. Otto I
64. Ottonian Renaissance
65. Cluniac monasteries
66. Gregory VII
67. Concordat of Worms
68. papal curia
69. Pope Urban II
70. The Alexiad
71. Saladin
72. Hospitalers
73. vassalage
74. manorialism
75. fief
76. sub-infeudation
77. knighthood
78. chansons de geste
79. castellan
80. liege lord
81. The Song of Roland
82. spices
83. William of Normandy
84. earls
85. curia Regis
86. Hugh Capet
87. ecclesiastics
88. Salian House
89. College of Cardinals
90. Henry IV
91. canon law
92. Alexius Comnenus
93. Robert of Normandy
94. Kingdom of Jerusalem
95. Templars
96. Teutonic Knights

CHAPTER NINE
THE FLOWERING OF MEDIEVAL CIVILIZATION

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

The page numbers listed below indicate the correct answers and their locations in the text.
1. Clashes between townspeople and students are often termed town and gown fights because
a. Townpeople wore traditional-medieval clothes, including gowns
b. Students were often foreigners
c. Students took clerical orders and were thus immune from town courts
d. Townspeople were often barred from attending university because of canon law
e. Artisan guilds vied with university guilds over jurisdictional rights

2. The emergence of universities came in response to
a. A decline in commerce that forced individuals to seek better educations in order to find employment
b. Universities relaxed enrollment requirements to compensate for the decline in population caused by the Black Death
c. The increased demand for more educated men in bureaucratic, commercial, and legal fields
d. Fewer educational opportunities in the Church, men therefore turned to universities for education
e. A decline in the number of monastic schools

3. The Italian universities differed from northern European ones in which of the following ways?
a. Students at northern universities were generally older and sought law degrees
b. Students rather than professors constituted the dominant guild
c. Students in northern universities took the trivium while Italian students studied the quadrivium
d. Italian universities never had the guild system
e. Northern universities tended to teach in vernacular languages while Italian universities usually taught in Latin

4. Scholasticism is the term used to describe
a. The curriculum taught at medieval universities
b. The dominant guilds of Italian universities
c. The application of logic to Christian dogma
d. Anselm's argument that “faith seeks to understand”
e. The production of scholarly texts in monasteries

5. The dialectic arguments in Sic et Non implied that
a. Christian dogma and law contained contradictions
b. Reason could not be reconciled to faith
c. Aristotle's philosophy was inappropriate to Scholasticism
d. A systematic view of all truth could be found in Scholasticism
e. Emotional devotion to Christ and Mary would bring about a greater understanding of God and faith


6. One of the best examples of the spiritual approach on prayer and humility in the understanding of God was
a. Thomas Aquinas
b. Anselm of Canterbury
c. Descartes
d. Bernard of Clairvaux
e. Pope Gregory the Great

7. More refined rules of behavior combined with religious ceremonies and spiritual overtones lead to
a. Courtly love
b. The Gothic “spirit”
c. Chivalry
d. Courtly romance
e. The troubadour culture

8. Andreas Capellanus's update of Ovid's poetry is a good example of
a. The lais of courtly romance
b. The heroic epic
c. The code of chivalry
d. Fabliaux
e. Courtly love

9. Which best describes the most prominent theme found in the troubadour tradition of literature?
a. Celebration of heroic epics such as The Song of Roland
b. Moral tales using animals as the main characters
c. The pursuit of courtly love
d. Brief romances of love and adventure, usually in the vernacular
e. Miracle stories that emphasized religious devotion

10. The justices-in-eyre initiated by Henry II of England were
a. Juries of “twelve good men” who tried criminal cases
b. Barons who received rights to hold court from the king
c. Itinerant justices endowed with all the authority of the king
d. The English equivalent to the French baille
e. The king's inner council of legal advisors

11. Henry II's conflict with Thomas Becket focused on
a. The murder trial of the Archbishop of Canterbury
b. The Duchy of Normandy
c. The appointment of Stephen Langton as Archbishop of Canterbury
d. Double jeopardy
e. The Magna Carta

12. The contents of the Magna Carta greatly resemble the provisions found in
a. The Great Charter of Stephen Langdon
b. The U.S. Declaration of Independence
c. English Common Law
d. Oaths of English kings Henry I, Henry II, and Richard
e. The Establishments of St. Louis


13. The consolidation of royal power in France proved much more difficult than in England because
a. Powerful dukes and counts controlled large provinces
b. The lack of a Magna Carta stipulating the king's authority over his vassals
c. Saracen invasions
d. Many French kings, like Louis VII, Philip II, and St. Louis, were on Crusade
e. Lack of an efficient central administration

14. Under Philip II Augustus
a. The central administration of France became more efficient and specialized
b. The Kingdom of France expanded rapidly through conquest
c. Justices-in-eyre extended the king's authority in the Île-de-France
d. The Common Law became synonymous with the king's law
e. The French army suffered a humiliating defeat by John of England ending French claims to the English crown

15. Which of the following describes best the Cortes of Spain?
a. A constitutional organization similar to that of the English Parliament
b. Assemblies participating in the levying of taxes
c. The highest criminal and appeals court in Spain
d. A handbook of legal institutions and instructions
e. Provinces recovered from the Moslems during the Reconquista

16. Which one of the following helped prevent the unification of the Holy Roman Empire (Germany)?
a. The hereditary nature of German kingship
b. The hereditary nature of German kingship and the practice of partible inheritance
c. The establishment of independent German dukedoms
d. The strong duchies of Swabia and Burgundy
e. The sovereignty of Roman law

17. The defeat of German Imperial forces at the Battle of Legnano forced Frederick I Barbarossa
a. To create the Lombard League
b. To recognize the Swiss Confederation
c. To withdraw from the Third Crusade
d. To recognize the independence of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies
e. To concede independence to northern Italian towns

18. Frederick II Hohenstaufen
a. Granted independence to the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies from Germany
b. Centralized Germany through the use of professional administrators, particularly churchmen
c. Supported of the king of Aragon during the War of the Sicilian Vespers
d. Centralized of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies
e. Undermined the authority of German ecclesiastical princes and feudal lords

19. Which of the following probably did NOT play a role in the development of heresies
during the High Middle Ages?
a. Church corruption
b. Ecclesiastical wealth
c. Schism with the Greek Church
d. Increased urbanization and commerce
e. Canon law supporting legal subordination of women

20. The Dominicans were also known as the
a. Beguines
b. Order of Preachers
c. Order of Friars Minor
d. Scholastics
e. Waldensians

21. One of the outcomes of the Fourth Lateran Council was the
a. Increased role of women in the clergy
b. Decrease in trials by ordeal
c. Decline in the authority of the pope in declaring Church dogma
d. Election of Innocent III as Pope
e. Schism with Greek Orthodox Church

22. In response to the the spread of heresy, in 1231 Pope Gregory IX instituted the
a. Albigensian Crusade
b. Third Crusade
c. Reconquista
d. Inquisition
e. Franciscan Order

23. The Franciscan movement is a good example of
a. The use of education in combating heresy
b. Scholasticism
c. The problem of heresy
d. A mystical and emotional religious experience
e. The increased emphasis on canon law in the Church

24. The Fourth Lateran Council provides evidence for
a. The efforts of Innocent III to address the problems confronting the Church
b. Conciliarism in determining ecclesiastical authority
c. The demise of the Holy Roman Empire
d. The use of the Inquisition to combat heresy
e. The claims of papal authority over the authority of kings

IDENTIFICATIONS

48. trivium
49. Scholasticism
50. Anselm of Canterbury
51. Héloïse
52. Duns Scotus
53. Romanesque
54. flying buttress
55. courtly love
56. fabliaux
57. common law
58. double jeopardy
59. Stephen Langton
60. Philip II Augustus
61. St. Louis
62. Siete Partidas
63. Cortes
64. Peace of Constance
65. Peter Waldo
66. Cathari
67. Order of the Preachers
68. Francis of Assisi
69. Fourth Lateran Council
70. quadrivium
71. dialectic
72. Abelard
73. Thomas Aquinas
74. Cistercians
75. Gothic
76. chivalry
77. troubadour
78. Henry II
79. Thomas Becket
80. John I
81. Magna Carta
82. bailli
83. Establishments of St. Louis
84. Alfonso X
85. Frederick I Barbarossa
86. Frederick II Hohenstaufen
87. Pope Gregory IX
88. mendicant orders
89. Inquisition
90. Innocent III
91. Friars Minor

CHAPTER TEN
THE URBAN ECONOMY AND THE CONSOLIDATION OF STATES

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

The page numbers listed below indicate the correct answers and their locations in the text.
1. Because of the inadequacies of feudalism in governing commerce, merchants had to turn to
a. Canon law
b. The Decretum
c. The Regulations of St. Louis
d. The Codex Justinianus
e. The Statutes of the Realm

2. The style of urban government in which members take an oath of permanent association is called a
a. Staple
b. Cortes
c. Parlement
d. Limited partnerships
e. Commune

3. Which of the following was usually NOT included in town regulations and expenses
a. Street cleaning
b. Curfews
c. The condemnation of prostitution
d. The segregation of businesses such as butchering
e. Regulation of weights and measures

4. The invention of the loom
a. Allowed women to form guilds of spinners
b. Increased the development of fulling mills
c. Removed cloth production from the household to the shop
d. Destroyed the cloth monopoly of the Fair of St. Omer
e. Undermined guilds of weavers

5. Book transfers were
a. A form of credit
b. A limited partnership
c. A form of maritime insurance
d. Double-entry accounting
e. Usury

6. The Medici Bank formed a type of
a. Wool and wool-cloth guild
b. Artisan guild
c. Limited partnership
d. Chambre de Cheque
e. Estates General

7. Christians were forbidden to loan money at interest because
a. Limited partnerships made it illegal
b. Maritime insurance rates already included profits from interest
c. Money could not make money
d. According to canon law, only Italian banks, such as the Medici, could charge interest
e. The Alfonsine Table included profits from interest on bills of exchange

8. Urban males tended to marry later in life because
a. Household sizes were small
b. Urban out-migration
c. Urban in-migration
d. Apprenticeships
e. Rural out-migration

9. Which of the following best describes urban women in the High Middle Ages?
a. Their dower became a significant addition to the household economy
b. Most became servants both before and after marriage
c. Occupations such as merchant and artisan became available to women because of commercial expansion
d. Became valuable assets within merchant and artisan household economies
e. Married later

10. During the High Middle Ages, the bureaucracies of England and France became increasingly staffed with
a. Canon lawyers
b. Bishops
c. Knights of the Shire
d. Merchants
e. University-trained lawyers

11. Meetings of the Great Councils during the reign of Henry III were known as
a. Convocations
b. The House of Lords
c. Parliaments
d. King's council (curia regis)
e. Model Councils

12. The Statutes of the Realm of Edward I changed law in England because
a. The Statutes were printed and marked the first written law in England
b. It marked the precedent of changing law by legislation
c. They were the first laws established by Parliament
d. They represented law by declaration and administrative fiat
e. They marked laws legislated separately by the House of Commons and the House of Lords

13. In order to enlarge his power base against Henry III, this noble included two knights from every shire when he summoned Parliament in 1265
a. Philip II Augustus
b. Duke of Normandy
c. Philip the Fair
d. Edmund of Northumbria
e. Simon de Montfort

14. The House of Commons consists of
a. Knights of the Shire
b. Representatives for the larger towns
c. Knights of the Shire and Convocations
d. Town representatives and Knights of the Shire
e. Lower rank nobility and town representatives

15. Edward I laid the foundation for the American and British legal systems in this field of law
a. Corporate tax law
b. Separation of church and state
c. Real estate
d. Inheritance and family law
e. Limited partnerships

16. Which of the following resisted the consolidation that took place during Philip IV's rule?
a. England
b. Flanders
c. The Papal States
d. Brittany and Normandy
e. Ile-de-France and Aquitaine

17. Philip IV called the Estates General during his reign in order to
a. Inform the assemblies of his policies
b. Confiscate property from Jews
c. Vote him new taxes and revenues
d. Seek their approval to confiscate the property of the Knights Templars
e. Receive their advice regarding Boniface VIII and the Unam Sanctam

18. The Papacy remained in the city of Avignon for 68 years because
a. Of pressure from the Holy Roman Emperor
b. The College of Cardinals kept elected Frenchmen to the position of pope
c. The hostility of Roman nobles
d. The War of the Sicilian Vespers
e. The support of the Estates General

19. The Golden Bull of Charles IV of the Holy Roman Empire
a. Confirmed the independence of the Swiss Cantons
b. Splintered south-east Europe into small territories, often called “Balkanization”
c. Set the number of electors of the Emperor at seven
d. Invalidated Boniface VIII's bull Clericos Laicos
e. Recognized the payment of tribute to Ghengis Khan and the Golden Horde

20. The Mongol policy of rule in Russia entailed
a. Removing Orthodox Christianity and replacing it with Roman Christianity
b. Imposition of Mongol culture and language
c. Resettlement of the Slaves in the Lithuanian “Mesopotamia” between the Loire and Volga rivers
d. Self-rule as long as tribute was paid to the Khans
e. Assimilation

21. The rise and eventual independence of the Principality of Moscow came about in part because of
a. The support of the Golden Horde
b. Conquest and the practice of primogeniture
c. Support of the Roman Church
d. Conquest, marriage alliances, and partible inheritance
e. Support of the Tsar of Russia and the Orthodox Church

22. Much of the character of Russian tsarist rule comes from
a. Persia
b. The Holy Roman Empire
c. The Khanate of the Golden Horde
d. The Republic of Novgorod
e. The Byzantine Empire

23. “The Third Rome” refers to
a. The rebuilding of Constantinople after attacks by the Mongols
b. The relocation of Byzantine Rule after the invasions of the Ottoman Turks
c. Moscow as the center of the Christian world after the fall of Constantinople
d. Ivan the Terrible’s conquest of the Golden Horde
e. The Russian Empire

24. The Unam Sanctam of Boniface VIII
a. Declared that Philip IV must submit to Edward I
b. Recognizes transubstantiation as the one and true nature of the sacrament of the Eucharist
c. Forbid all clergy to make payments to kings without papal approval
d. Damned Philip IV unless he submitted to papal authority
e. Declared the Roman Church the only true Church and thus made the schism with the Greek Orthodox Church formal and final

25. The two mendicant orders (Dominicans and Franciscans) that had helped the Church reform itself and combat heresy began to lose effectiveness because
a. Both had become very wealthy
b. Both orders had split apart
c. Of rivalries between the Conventual Franciscans and Spiritual Dominicans
d. Mendicant orders began to undermine papal authority
e. Many prospective mendicants became Beguines or Beghars during the fourteenth century

26. The Beguines were
a. Women in the Dominican order
b. The Third Order of the Franciscans
c. Examples of pious laity formed into semi-monastic groups
d. Heretics
e. The elites of the Cathari

27. Much like St. Anselm's proof of God, St. Bonaventure's was based on
a. Scholasticism
b. Deductive logic
c. Thomism (the system of thought developed by St. Thomas Aquinas)
d. Intuitive principles
e. Aristotle

28. Beatrice in The Divine Comedy illustrates
a. Papal authority
b. Reason and deductive thought
c. Revelation and grace
d. Human spirituality
e. Divine love and passion

IDENTIFICATIONS

49. royal charter
50. putting-out system
51. apprenticeship
52. usury
53. double-entry bookkeeping
54. dowry
55. Henry III
56. Simon Montfort
57. House of Commons
58. Statutes of the Realm
59. Estates General
60. Luxembourgs
61. balkanization
62. Ivan I of Muscovy
63. tsar
64. Boniface VIII
65. Unam Santam
66. Beguines
67. St. Bonaventure
68. William Ockham
69. Dante Alighieri
70. commune
71. guild
72. book transfer
73. bill of exchange
74. Alfonsine Tables
75. dower
76. parliament
77. House of Lords
78. Edward I
79. Philip IV
80. Hapsburgs
81. Michael VIII Palaeologus
82. the Golden Horde
83. Ivan III
84. Ivan IV, the Terrible
85. Moscow
86. Avignon papacy
87. Catherine of Siena
88. Roger Bacon
89. Ockham’s razor
90. commedia

CHAPTER ELEVEN
BREAKDOWN AND RENEWAL IN AN AGE OF PLAGUE

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

Note the page numbers for the questions listed below to indicate the correct answers and their locations in the text.
1. Even before the demographic crisis caused by the Black Death, the population in Europe had declined because of
a. the Hundred Years' War
b. a smallpox pandemic
c. famine
d. the War of the Roses

2. Which section of the population was most struck by the Black Death?
a. Mostly elderly men and pregnant women
b. All segments were affected by the pandemic
c. Elderly men and women
d. Urban dwellers
e. Serfs and peasants

3. By the best estimates, the population of Europe fell by how much due to the Black Death and subsequent plagues?
a. 10-20 %
b. Less than 20%
c. About one-quarter
d. One-third to half
e. Almost two-thirds

4. After the Black Death and a short-lived period of peasant rebellions, landlords re-imposed serfdom throughout Europe except in
a. Catalonia
b. England
c. France
d. Western Germany
e. Prussia

5. The Statute of Laborers of 1351 attempted to
a. Fix prices and wages at pre-plague levels
b. Remove serfs from enclosed lands
c. Allow landlords to reimpose serfdom on their peasants
d. Establish a correlation between prices and wages
e. Abolish serfdom

6. The Hanseatic League monopolized trade in the
a. Mediterranean Sea
b. Hanse Sea
c. Adriatic and Black Seas
d. English Channel
e. Baltic and North Seas

7. What best describes labor relations immediately following the Black Death?
a. Landlords imposed serfdom on more peasants to ensure a work force
b. Most landlords sold off their demesne to peasants
c. The Statute of Laborers ensured that little change occurred
d. Peasants demanded, and received, higher wages
e. With so many deaths, a high labor supply decreased wages

8. The most effective means of increasing productivity and overcoming economic crisis in the late middle ages came from
a. Guild supervision and standards
b. Higher wages
c. Technological advances
d. the Hanseatic League and similar trade associations
e. the decline in guilds

9. Which of the following men invented movable metal type?
a. Henry De Vick
b. Konrad Kyeser
c. Iascopo Mariano of Sienna
d. Johannes Gutenberg
e. William Paston

10. Why did the average life expectancy fall to only eighteen years during the Black Death?
a. The plague affected mostly the elderly, especially women
b. Principle victims were infants and young adults
c. High infant and elderly mortality
d. Higher resistance among women to the plague
e. Better immunity to the plague of young adults

11. The Romance of the Rose by Jean de Meun is a good example of
a. The worship of the Virgin Mary
b. The self-sacrificing role of women during the plague
c. Late medieval courtly Romance
d. Late medieval misogyny
e. Ockham's razor

12. Which best describes patterns of living a generation after the Black Death?
a. More fertile soil allowed a greater diversity of diet including more meat, fruit, and cheese
b. Economic collapse led to a decline in housing
c. Rural settlement patterns became more dispersed
d. Decline in sumptuary legislation as class distinctions became blurred
e. Decline in disposable wealth

13. One of the demands of the Peasants' Revolt of 1381 was
a. Reinstatement of the Statute of Laborers
b. The execution of Wat Tyler and other ministers of the king
c. A wool guild
d. Participation in communal government
e. Abolition of poll taxes

14. The Ciompi is an example of
a. Peasant revolts in Italy and Spain
b. Urban unrest in Flanders
c. The Jacquerie Revolt in France
d. Urban class tensions
e. Attempts by the nobility to reinstate serfdom

15. Which of the following is a common factor contributing to social unrest during the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries?
a. The poor attempting to improve their economic status
b. The nobility safeguarding their feudal rights
c. The propertied classes retaining their traditional advantages
d. Economic hardship among the gentry
e. Restrictive guild regulations

16. Companies of adventure were
a. The Hanseatic League
b. Guilds of overseas (long-distance) merchants
c. Mercenary armies
d. Business partnerships involving trade to China and India
e. The participants in England's War of the Roses

17. All of the following contributed to the increased cost of warfare in the late Middle Ages except
a. Use of mercenary soldiers
b. Firearms
c. Increased frequency and length of military campaigns
d. More feudal obligations of military service
e. Use of cannon

18. Kings increasingly had to consult representative assemblies to grant new taxes because
a. Of the breakdown of feudal mechanisms to collect taxes
b. They needed approval to reinstate or increase traditional revenues
c. A decline in population after the Black Death required an expansion of the tax base
d. Income from ordinary revenues, particularly rents, had declined
e. Absolute kinship characteristic of High Middle Ages had declined in the late Middle Ages

19. Which of the following factors contributed to the instability of the nobility?
a. Dynastic instability
b. Livery
c. Divisions within the nobility
d. Loss of feudal privileges
e. Expansion of papal authority

20. The Hundred Years' War between England and France broke out because of which of the following causes?
a. Liege homage and the end of the Capetian dynasty
b. A dispute over the French royal succession
c. Conflicts over French and English interests in Flanders
d. The status of Aquitaine and Ponthieu
e. All of the above

21. In France the need for new taxes to support the Hundred Years' War against the English led to
a. Parliament's increased role in government
b. A decline in Parliament's ability to impose new taxes
c. The monarchy's right to impose national taxes without consent of the Estates General
d. The right of the House of Commons to initiate all tax legislation
e. The levying of an annual poll tax

22. Which conflict decimated the ranks of the English nobility and established Henry Tudor as King of England?
a. The Hundred Years' War
b. The Peasants' Revolt
c. The War of the Roses
d. The Yorkists' War
e. The Henrican Revolt

23. Which of the following resulted from the Hundred Years' War?
a. France became a unified kingdom
b. The French king had become the indisputable protector of the French people
c. Both England and France had become modern states
d. England’s wool industry suffered a recessions
e. The French king faced a number of rivals to the throne

24. Which city was ruled by a comparatively cohesive oligarchy that had inherited its authority over generations?
a. Milan
b. Rome
c. Florence
d. Bruges
e. Venice

25. For economic and defensive reasons, Venice built an industrial complex known as
a. The Sorbonne
b. The Ducat
c. The Arsenal
d. The Visconti
e. Il Cosimo

26. Which best describes the political map of Italy north of Rome after the fourteenth century?
a. The Lombard League ruled by the Holy Roman Emperor
b. Small free communes
c. Small republics replacing the communes
d. Regional states dominated by a single city
e. Loose confederation of Papal States

27. The Peace of Lodi in 1454 established an alliance system that
a. Employed diplomacy as the primary method to maintain peace
b. Counterbalanced the Lombard League to keep the peace in Italy
c. Attempted to ensure a balance of power against the Kingdom of Naples and Sicily
d. Assisted the King of Austria against the Turks
e. Fought against the growing strength of the Papal States in central Italy

28. Which of the following best describes the consequence of the fall of Constantinople to the Ottoman Turks in 1453?
a. Economic contraction for the Italian city-states because of the disruption of Mediterranean trade
b. Increased warfare between the Latin West and the Ottoman Turks because the military barrier Byzantium had provided now disappeared
c. Exodus of Byzantine scholars to the West
d. Symbolic and psychological
e. Significant interruption of east-west trade

29. One of the primary reasons for the Ottoman's military and political success in southeastern Europe was
a. Weakness of the kings of Bulgaria and Hungary
b. Internal division between the Sunni and Shiite Moslems
c. Intense rivalries among the Christian faiths
d. The janissary armies of the eastern Christian kingdoms proved ineffective against the Turks
e. The inefficiency of the feudal armies sent by the west to fight the Ottomans

30. Similar to western medieval kings, the sultan ruled with the advice of a council. The sultan's council of chosen advisors was the
a. Vizier
b. Golden Horde
c. Divan
d. Visconti
e. Mehmetan

IDENTIFICATIONS

54. Black Death
55. bubonic plague
56. Konrad Kyeser
57. Johannes Gutenberg
58. Christine de Pisan
59. Jean de Meun
60. Wat Tyler
61. The Pastons
62. Edward III
63. Aquitaine
64. Crécy
65. John II
66. the Black Prince
67. Joan of Arc
68. Burgundy
69. Calais
70. taille
71. Henry VI
72. York
73. Gian Galeazzo Visconti
74. Arsenal
75. Peace of Lodi
76. Mehmet II
77. sultan
78. pneumonic plague
79. Hanseatic League
80. Henry De Vick
81. movable metal type
82. misogyny
83. English Peasants’ Revolt
84. Ciompi
85. Hundred Years’ War
86. Philip VI
87. Gascony
88. Poitiers
89. Charles V
90. Treaty of Troyes
91. Henry V
92. Rouen
93. gabelle
94. War of the Roses
95. Lanaster
96. Richard III
97. Lorenzo the Magnificent
98. Alfonso V
99. Ottomans
100. Suleiman II
101. Janissaries


CHAPTER TWELVE
TRADITION AND CHANGE IN EUROPEAN CULTURE, 1300-1500

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

Note the page numbers for the questions listed below to indicate the correct answers and their locations in the text.
1. The chief concern of humanist education was to
a. train people in Scholastic thought
b. educate teachers and theologians
c. teach people a trade
d. help people to live moral lives

2. Which of the following was not characteristic of Renaissance humanism?
a. liberal education
b. the use of classical languages and authors to train students in eloquence
c. the belief that education and study could improve human beings
d. a rejection of the importance of religion in daily life

3. In his search for a model of virtuous behavior, Petrarch turned to
a. the world around him
b. the Church fathers
c. Roman writers
d. all of the above
e. b and c

4. Civic humanism emphasized
a. ordinary characters
b. a rejection of the Greek language
c. participation in public affairs
d. monarchical government

5. Vittorino’s conception of a humanist education included
a. Latin and Greek
b. mathematics
c. physical activities
d. courteous manners
e. all of the above

6. The Florentine Neoplatonists
a. believed that Platonic thought contradicted Christian thought
b. believed that Platonic philosophy and Christian belief were reconcilable parts of a single truth
c. were encouraged to continue their studies by the papacy
d. emphasized the equality of all beings in God’s universe

7. The Italian humanists used historical evidence to
a. provide moral examples
b. dismiss Greek culture as irrelevant to modern life
c. demonstrate God’s providence
d. to impose a completely secular world view

8. Masaccio, Donatello, and Brunelleschi, Florentines of the early Renaissance,
a. rejected works of the ancient world as models for the new art
b. were unable to master the sculpting and engineering techniques of the Romans
c. avoided depicting the naked human form
d. stressed balance and harmony in design and the importance of the individual human figure

9. Which is incorrectly matched?
a. Raphael: constructed dome on Florence’s cathedral
b. Michelangelo: sculpted David for the city of Florence
c. Leonardo: engineer as well as painter
d. Titian: preeminent portrait painter of Europe

10. Which of the following is most accurate concerning the culture of northern Europe during the late fourteenth and fifteenth centuries?
a. merchants were the greatest art patrons of the era
b. the church had lost its role in stimulating great art
c. princely courts dominated culture during this period
d. literate laymen had no real influence on cultural life

11. Vasari attempted to explain why
a. artists should remain part of guilds
b. artists deserved special treatment and often experienced good fortune
c. only painters deserved special treatment
d. artists should not be accepted into the uppermost levels of society

12. According to the text, which statement helps explain the fascination in northern Europe during the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries with death, decay, and witchcraft?
a. the failure of the Church to provide consolation
b. the fact that mortality rates from the plague were much higher in northern than in southern Europe
c. the concern of urban elites with lower class discontent
d. none of the above

13. The chronicles of Jean Froissart
a. provide an accurate and detailed description of the life of the peasantry in France during the fifteenth century
b. contain a series of lengthy descriptions of the major cities of France and England
c. deal mainly with chivalric society
d. ignore the military history of the period

14. Which was not an art form in which northern Europeans excelled in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries?
a. woodcut engravings
b. marble sculpture
c. polyphonic music
d. oil painting

15. The philosophers known as nominalists
a. believed that only a “nominal” number of individuals could ever attain true enlightenment
b. asserted that universal natures were discoverable through human reason
c. denied the existence of universal natures and ideal forms
d. believed that physical reality was only a reflection of the true reality of ideal forms

16. Which of the following is not true of Marsilius of Padua?
a. he advocated lay sovereignty within the church
b. he asserted that only coercive power gives meaning to law
c. he claimed that the church is entirely subject to the sovereign will of the state
d. he defended papal authority against the rising power of laymen
e. he claimed that church laws are not binding because they are not supported by any coercive power

17. The devotio moderna was similar to Italian humanism in that it
a. drew its chief inspiration from the works of antiquity
b. reacted against the pomp and splendor of papal and other ecclesiastical courts
c. addressed its message to lay people in order to help them lead a higher moral life
d. all of the above

18. Albrecht Dürer
a. refused to depict biblical themes
b. joined the court of the Holy Roman empire
c. attempted to distance himself from his craftsman origins
d. maintained his links to his craftsman origins

19. In the fourteenth century the English heretic John Wycliffe taught that
a. only those who embraced monastic vows lived according to God’s will
b. God’s will is revealed by the Scripture and the words of church leaders
c. priests who stand in God’s grace are necessary to perform sacraments like communion
d. popes and bishops did not necessarily have God’s grace and could be defied by princes

20. Which of the following scholars argued that the simplest explanation for any phenomenon is always the best?
a. Thomas Aquinas
b. William of Ockham
c. Chaucer
d. Marsilius

21. The papacy attempted to overcome its fiscal crisis by
a. collecting a tax for appointments to ecclesiastical offices
b. selling dispensations
c. sold future appointments
d. all of the above
e. none of the above

22. The Council of Pisa
a. caused the Great Schism
b. sought to increase the power of the Italians within the Church
c. attempted to resolve the Great Schism
d. excommunicated the followers of the Avignon pope

23. The increase in lay piety reflected
a. the growing distrust of humanism
b. the search for reassurance on the heels of an age of disasters
c. the Church’s attempt to regain control in the aftermath of the Great Schism
d. rebuilding of Rome

24. Jan Hus
a. led the Lollards against the Church
b. led an army against the king of Bohemia
c. led a crusade against the Utraquist Church
d. was condemned and executed for his beliefs

IDENTIFICATIONS

50. humanism
51. Boccaccio
52. civic humanism
53. Vittorino da Feltre
54. The Courtier
55. Marsilio Ficino
56. Neoplatonism
57. Giotto
58. Brunelleschi
59. Raphael
60. Titian
61. Vasari
62. danse macabre
63. Froissart
64. The Canterbury Tales
65. Dürer
66. Nominalists
67. Great Schism
68. Council of Pisa
69. Catherine of Siena
70. Thomas à Kempis
71. John Wycliffe
72. Jan Hus
73. Petrarch
74. The Decameron
75. Coluccio Salutati
76. Casa Giocosa
77. Baldassare Castiglione
78. Pico
79. Masaccio
80. Donatello
81. Leonardo
82. Michelangelo
83. patron
84. Isabelle d’Este
85. relics
86. Chaucer
87. Jan Van Eyck
88. Ockham’s razor
89. Marsilius of Padua
90. Conciliar Movement
91. lay mysticism
92. Brethren of the Common Life
93. devotio moderna
94. Lollards
95. Hussites

CHAPTER THIRTEEN
REFORMATIONS IN RELIGION
CHAPTER SUMMARY


MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

1. According to the text, the most fundamental question facing all Christians concerns
a. the proper relationship between a worshiper and the institutions of the church
b. how an individual can gain salvation
c. whether the Bible should be read by a lay person
d. whether believers should tolerate non-believers

2. Which of the following was not a cause of popular dissatisfaction with the Roman Catholic church in the early fifteenth century?
a. the fiscal practices of the papacy
b. the moral laxity of the clergy
c. the failure of the church to meet spiritual needs
d. increasing austerity and the use of the vernacular within the Church

3. The veillèe brought villagers together and
a. reinforced allegiances to the Church
b. confirmed the authority of the local priest
c. reinforced male authority
d. exposed them to the ideas of religious reformers and criticisms of the Church

4. Humanism in northern Europe
a. rejected the use of ancient sources in studying early Christianity
b. neglected questions of piety and morality in favor of rigorous textual analysis
c. was critical of the Catholic church
d. found no reason to study writings of the church fathers

5. Thomas More’s Utopia proposed
a. the abolishment of private property
b. the abolishment of the traditional Church
c. the rejection of papal authority
d. the rejection of secular authority

6. Desiderius Erasmus
a. opposed a break with Rome
b. looked to Jesus’ own life as a guide to true piety
c. was highly critical of the papacy and the clergy
d. all of the above

7. In his youth, Luther was preoccupied with
a. his own sinfulness and how individual attains God’s grace
b. the sale of indulgences
c. the corruption of the papacy
d. foreign domination of the German church

8. In his ninety-five theses, Luther attacked
a. the Dominicans
b. the practice of lay investiture
c. the sale of indulgences
d. the Augustinians

9. Which of the following was part of Luther’s mature theology?
a. justification may be achieved by faith alone
b. the Bible is the sole source of religious authority
c. the rejection of those sacraments that are not based in scripture
d. all of the above


10. According the Luther, religious authority
a. stems from the papacy
b. belongs to lay priests
c. comes from the Bible
d. is earned by doing good works

11. Which of the following is not true of the German Peasant Revolt of 1524?
a. Luther sympathized with the peasants at first
b. the peasants mixed social, economic, and religious demands
c. critics of Luther were able to blame the outbreak on him
d. German princes turned to the Holy Roman Emperor for help in suppressing the uprising

12. Many German princes found Lutheranism attractive because
a. it was organized in a way that provided order and authority
b. their subjects were enthusiastic about it
c. it enabled them to confiscate church property
d. it gave them greater independence from the Emperor
e. all of the above

13. Conflict between Catholic and Protestant princes in the Holy Roman empire was finally resolved by
a. destruction of the last Protestant army and exile of all Protestants to the extreme north
b. defeat of the Emperor’s forces and emigration of most Catholics to Italy and France
c. a compromise that allowed each prince to determine the religion of his own territory
d. a compromise that allowed for the majority of the population of each territory to determine its religion

14. Radical religious reformers in the sixteenth century were
a. tolerated by Luther because of their spiritual purity
b. welcome to the Catholics because they represented splits away from Lutheranism
c. likely to be in favor of abolishing private property and monogamy
d. insistent upon infant baptism as the moment of entry into the church

15. Zwingli departed from Luther’s ideas in which of the following ways?
a. Zwingli wanted to simplify religious practices
b. Zwingli believed that baptism was symbolic
c. Zwingli emphasized the role of the individual believer
d. all of the above

16. Predestination, a central doctrine of John Calvin’s theology, means that
a. the church is fated to be reformed constantly because people are corrupt
b. all Christians are assured of salvation
c. those Christians who perform good works will be saved
d. God has preordained the salvation or damnation of every human soul

17. The Anabaptists believed that
a. infants should be baptized
b. baptism was not a legitimate religious ceremony
c. the bible should not be taken literally
d. baptism should be administered to mature adults


18. Which of the following explains the rapid spread of Calvinism and the militancy of its adherents?
a. Calvin’s Institutes provided a clear definition of religious doctrine
b. Calvinism was highly disciplined
c. Calvinists considered themselves possessors of the true faith
d. Calvinists believed they had a mission to live out God’s word on earth
e. all of the above

19. The Anglican Church was founded when
a. Henry VIII converted to Calvinism
b. Henry VIII refused to marry Anne Boleyn
c. the pope refused to grant the English king a divorce
d. Catherine of Aragon attempted to divorce Henry VIII

20. Pope Paul III attempted to reform the Roman Catholic church by
a. avoiding the use of church councils which often disagreed on doctrine
b. tolerating a wider range of belief and practice within the church
c. appointing accomplished and dedicated cardinals to the College
d. abolishing the unpopular Inquisition

21. The most important action of the Council of Trent was to
a. provide a clear definition of Catholic theology, morality, and discipline
b. allow clerical marriage
c. bring about a temporary reconciliation with the Protestants
d. totally reject Protestant theological innovations
e. a and d

22. Which of the following was not true of women in the sixteenth-century Roman Catholic church?
a. mystics like St. Teresa were immediately welcomed by the church because of the power of their visions
b. an increasing number of religious orders were founded for them to join
c. through their charity work, they played a crucial role in the Counter Reformation
d. they were not participants at the council of Trent

23. Which statement is not true of the Jesuit order?
a. it had many similarities to a medieval military order
b. its followers abandoned rational discourse in order to convert through emotional appeals
c. it maintained a very early missionary presence in the Far East
d. it owed allegiance to the Pope, not to local bishops

24. The Jesuits played a crucial role in the Counter Reformation
a. by advocating a withdrawal from the concerns of temporal life
b. by repudiating humanist ideals and embracing mystical ones
c. through education and missionary work
d. through faith and reliance on the grace of God

IDENTIFICATIONS

49. Savonarola
50. itinerant preachers
51. almanac
52. broadsides
53. Erasmus
54. Martin Luther
55. indulgences
56. communion
57. Zwingli
58. Melchiorites
59. predestination
60. Geneva
61. Henry VIII
62. Paul III
63. Council of Trent
64. Ignatius Loyola
65. anticlericalism
66. veillèe
67. Rabelais
68. Sir Thomas More
69. philosophy of Christ
70. justification
71. Diet of Worms
72. Charles V
73. Anabaptists
74. John Calvin
75. Institutes of the Christian Religion
76. Anglican Church
77. Catherine of Aragan
78. Counter Reformation
79. St. Teresa
80. Jesuits

Chapter 13

LECTURE AND DISCUSSION TOPICS

1. Stage a veillèe in which students take on the roles of villagers, peddlers, travelers, and the local priest.
2. Compare pare and contrast the lives of Sir Thomas More and Erasmus. How did their distinct approaches to relationships with secular leaders lead these men in different directions?
3. What avenues did the religious ferment of the sixteenth century provide for women to express their ideas and influence events? Consider the positions of Protestant reformers and the Catholic church on the role of women in society in the discussion.
4. Present a biography of Martin Luther. What aspects of his personality and experiences contributed to his reforming zeal?
5. Investigate the peasant revolts that took place around 1525 in the Holy Roman empire. What was their relationship to Lutheranism?
6. Describe the central teachings of John Calvin. Discuss the appeal Calvinism would have held for its converts.
7. Discuss the founding of the Anglican church. Consider Henry VIII motivations and the advantages and disadvantages of breaking with the Catholic church for both the king and ordinary people.
8. Organize a debate regarding the Catholic church’s response to the Reformation. Did the church respond adequately to the challenge? What else might it have done to counter the appeal of the new religious sects?

ESSAY QUESTIONS

25. What role did the written word play in spreading the criticisms of the church and suggestions for reform? How did illiterate people come in contact with these ideas?
26. Discuss the reaction of the mainstream reformers to radical movements such as Anabaptism. Why did they react thus?
27. Although Martin Luther was the originator of the Protestant Reformation, a younger man, John Calvin, had an even more far-reaching influence. Describe and explain John Calvin’s success.
28. What role did politics play in the Protestant Reformation? Using political, economic, social, AND religious factors, argue why a prince within the Holy Roman empire would have been sympathetic or unsympathetic to the Reformation.
29 How did women react to the Reformation and the Counter Reformation? What appeal would the reforming tendencies have held for women? Why do you suppose other women remained faithful to the Catholic church?

CRITICAL THINKING

Critical Analysis
Luther's Experience in the Tower
43. How does this passage refute the traditional Roman Catholic insistence on good works as the path to salvation?

44. How accurately do you think Luther describes the events at hand, writing a quarter of a century after they had transpired? How do you think he may have distorted the events?

The Trial of Elizabeth Dirks
45. What criticism does Elizabeth Dirks make of the Catholic church? Were her criticisms new or original?

46. How does Elizabeth Dirks communicate the egalitarianism of Protestantism in her responses to the examiner?

St. Teresa's Visions
47. Why do you think the Roman Catholic Church accepted the mystical experiences of this woman and later canonized her?

48. Sensuality often plays a part in mystical visions. Why do you think sensuality appears in descriptions of mystical experiences?

"Luther's Experience in the Tower
43. How does this passage refute the traditional Roman Catholic insistence on good works as the path to salvation?"
"By grace alone through faith." This revelation now ment that the church would basically cease to function. This also ment that anyone can be saved and it is never too late.The hierarchy of the Roman Catholic Church ate and lived off of the money they squeezed from the people under their rule and 'guidence'. The money they recieved from the numerous indulgences the clergy sold paved the way for the extravagent churches and powerful popes. This discovery by Luther ment that penance and indulgences would do nothing for an individual. It ment that clergy were beating, starving, leading pious lives, for nothing. It did however, free them to live prosperous lives. Luther's discovery ment that pennence was also irrelevant to salvation. It also meant that the individual could go to his savior by his or herself, needing no go-between. "By grace alone through faith" meant that all were accepted and nothing else but faith in God thier savior and Lord would gain them entry into heaven.

Websites as a supplement to Chapter 13, Reformations in Religion
http://www.barna.org/
Research about religion, mostly Christian denominations
http://www.religioustolerance.org/
Breakdown of denominations

http://www.ctsfw.edu/etext/luther/babylonian/babylonian.htm
BABYLONIAN CAPTIVITY OF THE CHURCH
by Martin Luther

CHAPTER FOURTEEN
ECONOMIC EXPANSION AND A NEW POLITICS
CHAPTER SUMMARY


LECTURE AND DISCUSSION TOPICS

1. How did capitalism disrupt society in the Old World and in the New World?
2. Discuss how a handful of ambitious Spaniards overcame two sophisticated empires in the New World.
3. Describe a New World mining operation or ranch or sugar plantation to show the economic and social roles of the different inhabitants.
4. Read excerpts of the letters of Christopher Columbus and Kirkpatrick Sale’s biography of the explorer (see page 484). Ask students to evaluate Columbus’ understanding of the people he encountered and his responsibilities toward them.
5. Compare Isabella of Castile to the wives of Henry VIII. What role did women play in state building in the sixteenth century?
6. Initiate a discussion in which students enumerate the types of problems that all monarchs faced in the sixteenth century. Then compare the regional variations facing the different dynasties of Europe.
7. Use Machiavelli’s The Prince to open a discussion on moral philosophy as it applies to individuals and to states functioning within an international system.
8. Compare and contrast the efforts of European rulers to centralize their domains. What techniques did they employ? What obstacles did they face?


MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

1. Which of the following probably contributed to the population increase that began in Europe in the late fifteenth century?
a. eradication of the Black Plague
b. increased knowledge of the causes of disease
c. a warming climate that may have caused improved harvests
d. more intense cultivation, even though slightly less land was being farmed

2. Inflation, which began around 1500, indicated
a. impending crisis for the European economy
b. declining demand for goods
c. an increase in demand
d. a increase in people’s debts

3. In the sixteenth century the capitalist outlook
a. had no real impact on Europe’s economy
b. resulted in profits that encouraged further economic growth
c. could not operate because free markets did not exist
d. relied upon the teachings of the Catholic church for legitimacy

4. Which social group did not benefit from the new prosperity of the sixteenth century?
a. landowners
b. peasants
c. artisans
d. merchants

5. As a consequence of the economic changes of the sixteenth century,
a. the real wages of ordinary laborers rose markedly
b. crime and vagrancy in the countryside decreased as peasants enjoyed good markets in products for food
c. a new aristocracy developed out of the commercial and office holding opportunities
d. work in cities became harder to find

6. The country that pioneered overseas exploration in the fifteenth century was
a. Italy
b. Spain
c. Portugal
d. England
e. France

7. The Portuguese were able to break the Arab monopoly of trade in the Indian Ocean by
a. designing ships that were faster and more maneuverable than those of the Arabs
b. allying with Spain against the Arabs
c. fighting battles at sea with effective fire power
d. a and c
e. all of the above

8. In the sixteenth century Spain was able to extend its authority to the Americas because
a. with the conquest of the Muslims in Spain there were many experienced soldiers looking for adventure
b. diseases brought by the conquistadors decimated the native population
c. the Spanish monarchy had developed an administrative apparatus that could be transferred to the new territories
d. all of the above

9. Hernando Cortes achieved a rapid victory over the Aztecs because
a. he was able to exploit their superstitions
b. his army was very large
c. he had overwhelming superiority in firearms
d. b and c

10. The early European settlers in the New World were
a. encouraged by officials to intermarry with natives
b. composed of equal numbers of men and women
c. driven to leave Europe by hardship at home
d. mostly aristocrats motivated by the chance for independent command or the allure of fortune

11 Colonizing Europeans solved the labor shortage they faced in the New World by
a. kidnapping volunteers from their own countries
b. relying extensively on forced labor
c. transporting slaves from Africa to the Americas
d. all of the above

12. Which of the following was not true of England in comparison with other European states in the sixteenth century?
a. a smaller percent of the population was legally noble
b. it relied less on the use of Roman law and more on precedents as interpreted by jurists
c. the king relied upon powerful noble families to administer the counties
d. its kings were more likely to consult the country’s wishes as expressed in a parliament

13. In England, common law
a. helped to unify the country
b. was administered by traveling judges
c. became an source of power with which to oppose the crown
d. all of the above

14. Henry VIII’s break with Rome
a. came at the recommendation of Sir Thomas More
b. strengthened the power of the Parliament of England
c. pleased Emperor Charles V
d. infuriated Martin Luther

15. The role of the Parlement of Paris was to
a. register royal edicts
b. pass legislation
c. authorize new taxes
d. all of the above

16. The French monarchy increased its income in all but which of the following ways in the sixteenth century?
a. levying new taxes on the lower classes
b. selling public offices
c. appropriating a portion of church income
d. convening the Estates General to obtain authorization for new taxes

17. Ferdinand and Isabella consolidated royal power in Spain by
a. creating a single political and governmental system for all their kingdoms
b. eliminating the power and privileges of the great nobles
c. obtaining from the papacy the right to make major ecclesiastical appointments in Spain
d. all of the above

18. Ferdinand and Isabella pursed religious unity and consolidation by
a. establishing their own Inquisition
b. expelling the Jews
c. crusading against Muslims in southern Castile
d. all of the above

19. In the empire controlled by Charles V in the sixteenth century,
a. France was the only major Continental territory west of Poland that was not nominally under his jurisdiction
b. Charles made clear to the Spanish elites that Spain was the most important part of the empire
c. Charles made clear to the princes of Germany that the Holy Roman empire was the most important part of his holdings
d. Charles made no claims on the independent republics of Italy

20. The biggest drain on Spain’s financial resources during the sixteenth century was the cost of
a. paying for the government’s huge bureaucracy
b. supporting the wars of the Habsburgs
c. supporting the colonies in the New World
d. defending the treasure fleets against pirates

21. In the Holy Roman empire during the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries
a. the emperors and Diet created a strong central government
b. the emperors were unable to control either lay or ecclesiastical princes
c. the emperors succeeded in stopping the fragmentation of the lands they ruled
d. the empire sponsored overseas expeditions

22. The fate of Italy in the sixteenth century revealed that
a. small political units could not survive against larger, more centralized powers
b. cleverness and self-reliance could allow sturdy citizen republics to play large powers off against each other successfully
c. acknowledged leadership in culture and the arts would ensure political independence
d. the papacy was a good focus of leadership for those wishing for Italian unity

23. The new diplomacy that emerged in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries relied upon
a. occasional emissaries sent by princes as the need arose
b. the papacy to serve as intermediary in disputes
c. a fully developed understanding of the balance of power in Europe
d. the development of diplomatic immunities for ambassadors

24. Niccolo Machiavelli’s goal in writing The Prince was to
a. persuade the Italian states to unite against foreign aggressors
b. explain how power works
c. teach rulers to be more cunning and manipulative
d. all of the above

ESSAY QUESTIONS

25. What factors contributed to the economic boom of the sixteenth century? What areas of the economy experienced the most dramatic growth? Did the prosperity of the age extend to all segments of society?
26. Compare and contrast how the Spanish and Portuguese exploited their respective overseas empires. Your response should include discussion of their motives, the economic impact on each country, and their relations with the native populations.
27. England’s parliament gained importance and prestige during the reign of Henry VIII at the same time that monarchical power reached new heights. Show how these two apparently contradictory developments occurred and discuss the relationship that developed between the two branches of government.
28. All monarchs faced the challenge of increasing royal revenues in the sixteenth century. Why? How did these rulers enhance their revenues?
29. In the late fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries, the monarchs of western Europe were able to create vastly more powerful and centralized administrations, while those of central and eastern Europe were not. How do you account for this difference?
30. How did the practice of international diplomacy begin to change in Europe in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries?
31. Slavery was virtually non-existent in Europe by ca. 1500, yet in the succeeding century the use of slaves became widespread by Europeans. Discuss this development in terms of religious, political, economic, and social factors. Which do you think was the most significant contributor to this increase in slavery?
32. Why are Henry VII of England, Louis XII of France, and Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain called the “new monarchs”?
33. How did monarchs begin to use religion as a tool in the consolidation of rule? When was the use of religion successful? When did it backfire?
34. How did capitalism become a significant contributor to social change? How did capitalism contribute to social unrest? And how did capitalism encourage further consolidation of royal authority in Spain, England, and France?

CRITICAL THINKING

Evaluating Evidence
35. What do the monk and the woman depicted in a Merchants Clearing Accounts on page 476 symbolize?

36. Why do you think merchants portrayed themselves as honest, hardworking, intelligent, and wise in Allegory of Trade on page 477? Who were they trying to convince?

37. Consider the picture of a slave ship on page 486. Why did the conditions of the slave ship create such a high mortality rate during the journey?

38. Using Map 14.1, how were both Spain and Portugal ideally situated to take advantage of improvements in trans-oceanic shipbuilding and navigation?

39. How does the painting on page 491 represent consolidation of the authority of the English kings as well as English anti-Catholicism?

40. How did The Nuremberg Chronicle (see the excerpt on page 501)function as propaganda for Nuremberg and other German cities? What messages are they trying to convey in woodcuts such as this?

41. How do the paintings on pages 495 and 508 suggest the enduring influence of the Renaissance and its influence on learning?

42. Consider the portrayals of common people in the paintings on pages 479 and 503. What do these paintings express about the experiences of common people during this period?

Critical Analysis
Two Views of Columbus
43. How does historical perspective inform both of these passages about Columbus? How do you account for the tremendous discrepancy in their interpretations of Columbus?

44. What aspects of Columbus's voyages do both authors concentrate on, and what aspects do they ignore?

Henry VIII Claims Independence from the Pope
45. How does passage demonstrate the enduring nature of the conflict over power between the English kings and church that dates at least from the time of Henry II (r. 1154-1189)?

46. This passage describes the pope as a “foreign prince.” What are the connotations of that description regarding the state of the papacy at the time? What did Henry hope to achieve by treating the pope as such?

IDENTIFICATIONS

47. capitalism
48. vagrancy
49. Bartholomeu Dias
50. Christopher Columbus
51. conquistador
52. Aztecs
53. Francisco Pizarro
54. audiencia
55. slave trade
56. gentry
57. common law
58. Star Chamber
59. Privy Council
60. Louis XI
61. Ferdinand
62. Castile
63. corregidor
64. Moriscos
65. bullion
66. Matthias Corvinus
67. The Prince
68. enclosures
69. Henry the Navigator
70. Ceuta
71. Vasco de Balboa
72. Hernando Cortés
73. Ferdinand Magellan
74. Incas
75. hidalgo
76. Bartolomé de las Casas
77. justices of the peace
78. Henry VII
79. Henry VIII
80. Parlement of Paris
81. Charles VIII
82. Isabella
83. Aragon
84. Conversos
85. Charles V
86. Diet
87. Machiavelli
88. Guicciardini

Second Historical Analysis Paper Due:
Not this Thursday, but next Thursday
4 Pages double-spaced, 12 point font

WRITING STANDARD:
Students enrolled in this course are expected to write literate English. All papers submitted must be well written; grades on written work (including examinations) will be based on expression as well as content. Students may not write papers that are marred by errors in grammar, punctuation, spelling, or organization. Any writing done outside of class must be typed and double-spaced. You are required to use a standard style guide of your choice—e.g., the standard of your academic discipline (APA style otherwise) where appropriate. Any information that you acquire from a source that is not common knowledge should be documented. Do not plagiarize.

GRADING CRITERIA FOR WRITTEN WORK.
The objective of written work is to analyze historical information to create an argumentative essay. In analysis, the writer should not simply report on the subject, but should structure ideas in a new and original way. To develop an argument, the writer must structure the essay to be persuasive. Write to convince the reader to accept your points.
You receive 0 for a plagiarized work.
Evaluation

1. Thesis
25 points = thesis is clear, addresses the questions, and is supported by evidence
20 points = thesis is clearly stated, addresses question, but is weakly supported
10 points = thesis is vague and unsupported
05 points = paper lacks a clear thesis and merely summarizes information, or fails to
address the assignment.
00 points = paper has no thesis and fails to address the assignment

2. Organization.
25 points = essay demonstrates a clear, effective organization in which transitions direct the course of the argument, each paragraph argues a clear point and each paragraph is logically ordered.
20 points = paper is well organized, but a point in the argument is misplaced, or paragraph conflicts with the thesis, or the transitions are weak.
15 points = essays lacks unity between the paragraphs, and the transitions are ineffective.
10 points = overall structure of the essay is difficult to discern and the paragraphs are not effectively structured.
05 points = essay lacks overall structure and there is no paragraph unity.
00 points = paragraphs fail to support the thesis.

3. Sentence level writing.
25 points = sentences are clear and are unmarred by grammatical errors.
20 points = sentences are clear, but are weakened by several grammatical errors or faulty sentence structure.
15 points = frequent writing errors or poor sentence structure appear throughout the essay.
10 points = grammatical errors or poor sentence structure affect much of the essay.
5 points = grammatical errors or poor sentence structure
00 points = incomprehensible essay.

4. Strength of Argument.
25 points = essay states a clear argument that is based on sound historical facts and common sense, and shows creativity and original thinking.
20 points = essay makes an argument, but this argument is vague or requires additional factual support.
15 points = essay takes a position but this position is inadequately defended
10 points = essay fails to take a position and simply lists, narrates, or describes historical data, and fails to analyze it.
05 points = summary, outline
00 points = presents no argument

5. Historical Insight.
You will receive a “+” if your essay presents a superior understanding of the historical issues involved.

Primary Text Interpretation

The purpose of interpretation is to allow you to act as a historian, confront a primary document yourself, and come to some conclusions based on the document. I hope that by doing this you will gain a better sense of how historians work. I would like to encourage you to use your imagination.

Analyze the document addressing some of the following sorts of questions:

1) Who wrote the document? What kind of a perspective does it represent? Who was its intended audience?

2) Why was the document written? What sort of function did it serve? Was it perhaps written in response to a particular kind of problem? If you suspect that it was, what might the problem have been?

3) What can the document tell us about society at the time it was written? (Be sure to pay attention to perspective here – is the document written from the perspective of and "insider" or and "outsider" to the society in question? What relationship does the author have to the society being described?) What can it tell us about social norms and expectations of the time of its composition?

I do not expect you to do extra research to interpret the document. But I do expect you to make use of my lectures, class discussion, and assigned readings in interpreting the document. Read between the lines of the document -- use your imagination. Good luck and have fun.

Source:

Maynes, Mary Jo and Ann Waltner. Primary Document Interpretation, History 1012: Introduction to World History. 2002. History Department, University of Minnesota. 28 Jan. 2003.

I'll take #25

I'll answer #26

Ch.13, essay question #28- What role did politics play in the Protestant Reformation? Using political, economic, social, AND religious factors, argue why a prince within the Holy Roman empire would have been sympathetic or unsympathetic to the Reformation.

Politics played a great role in the Protestant Reformation. Luther broke out into the scene by writing the Ninety-Five Theses, showing his personal disgust to the selling of Indulgences, in 1517. Among other works, Luther published "Babylonian Captivity", which got the most attention by attacking the belief of seven sacraments, as well as arguing that justification was by faith alone. Pope Leo X issued a document ordering Luther to take back his opinions in his writing, to which Luther responded by publicly throwing it into a bonfire and declaring the pope to be the Antichrist. Charles V was officially the secular representative of the papacy, and issued an imperial edict calling for Luther's arrest and a burning of his works. For princes within the Holy Roman Empire, the power of the Church was stifling their independent power, and there was widespread resentment, as well as the desire to confiscate property and wealth of the Church. Elector Fredrick III of Saxony planned a "kidnapping" of Luther, and protected him from the emperor for a year. The Peasant Revolt occurred in 1524, and a year later, they published a list of twelve demands, in the demands (mostly social) were inspired by reading Luther's works. Although at first sympathetic, Luther believed that they were challenging all authoritylater published "Against the Rapacious and Murdering Peasants", which called on nobility to crush the revolts and demands in order to restore peace, which they did. This caused Luther to side more with nobility than with peasants, which showed that he favored the established political and social order. He was conservative enough to maintain order and authority for the nobility to side with him, and he retained the structured church (although with less hierarchy). The concept of independence from the Church was very much related to independence from the Emperor. By the 1550s, Lutheranism had spread to half of the population of the Empire (particularly north and east-- the farthest points from the center of imperial power). Catholic princes feared the power of Charles V, and refused to cooperate with him, so he relied on Spanish troops, which further distanced him from his subjects. In 1555, Lutherans regrouped (after a loss in battle in 1547) to form the imperial Diet at Augsborg, where they decided that allowed each prince to determine the religion of his own terrority, and his subjects could leave if they were of the other faith. This made way for openmindedness and away from the idea of an unchallenged uniformed religion.