First Historical Analysis Paper Due:
Thursday February 26, 2004
4 Pages double-spaced, 12 point font

WRITING STANDARD:
Students enrolled in this course are expected to write literate English. All papers submitted must be well written; grades on written work (including examinations) will be based on expression as well as content. Students may not write papers that are marred by errors in grammar, punctuation, spelling, or organization. Any writing done outside of class must be typed and double-spaced. You are required to use a standard style guide of your choice—e.g., the standard of your academic discipline (APA style otherwise) where appropriate. Any information that you acquire from a source that is not common knowledge should be documented. Do not plagiarize.

GRADING CRITERIA FOR WRITTEN WORK.
The objective of written work is to analyze historical information to create an argumentative essay. In analysis, the writer should not simply report on the subject, but should structure ideas in a new and original way. To develop an argument, the writer must structure the essay to be persuasive. Write to convince the reader to accept your points.
You receive 0 for a plagiarized work.
Evaluation

1. Thesis
25 points = thesis is clear, addresses the questions, and is supported by evidence
20 points = thesis is clearly stated, addresses question, but is weakly supported
10 points = thesis is vague and unsupported
05 points = paper lacks a clear thesis and merely summarizes information, or fails to
address the assignment.
00 points = paper has no thesis and fails to address the assignment

2. Organization.
25 points = essay demonstrates a clear, effective organization in which transitions direct the course of the argument, each paragraph argues a clear point and each paragraph is logically ordered.
20 points = paper is well organized, but a point in the argument is misplaced, or paragraph conflicts with the thesis, or the transitions are weak.
15 points = essays lacks unity between the paragraphs, and the transitions are ineffective.
10 points = overall structure of the essay is difficult to discern and the paragraphs are not effectively structured.
05 points = essay lacks overall structure and there is no paragraph unity.
00 points = paragraphs fail to support the thesis.

3. Sentence level writing.
25 points = sentences are clear and are unmarred by grammatical errors.
20 points = sentences are clear, but are weakened by several grammatical errors or faulty sentence structure.
15 points = frequent writing errors or poor sentence structure appear throughout the essay.
10 points = grammatical errors or poor sentence structure affect much of the essay.
5 points = grammatical errors or poor sentence structure
00 points = incomprehensible essay.

4. Strength of Argument.
25 points = essay states a clear argument that is based on sound historical facts and common sense, and shows creativity and original thinking.
20 points = essay makes an argument, but this argument is vague or requires additional factual support.
15 points = essay takes a position but this position is inadequately defended
10 points = essay fails to take a position and simply lists, narrates, or describes historical data, and fails to analyze it.
05 points = summary, outline
00 points = presents no argument

5. Historical Insight.
You will receive a “+” if your essay presents a superior understanding of the historical issues involved.

Reply By: gmicksmith/His130WesternCiv/DC
Posted: Tuesday, January 20, 2004
Reply By: gmicksmith/His130WesternCiv/DC Posted: Tuesday, January 20, 2004
Primary Text Interpretation

The purpose of interpretation is to allow you to act as a historian, confront a primary document yourself, and come to some conclusions based on the document. I hope that by doing this you will gain a better sense of how historians work. I would like to encourage you to use your imagination.

Analyze the document addressing some of the following sorts of questions:

1) Who wrote the document? What kind of a perspective does it represent? Who was its intended audience?

2) Why was the document written? What sort of function did it serve? Was it perhaps written in response to a particular kind of problem? If you suspect that it was, what might the problem have been?

3) What can the document tell us about society at the time it was written? (Be sure to pay attention to perspective here – is the document written from the perspective of and "insider" or and "outsider" to the society in question? What relationship does the author have to the society being described?) What can it tell us about social norms and expectations of the time of its composition?

I do not expect you to do extra research to interpret the document. But I do expect you to make use of my lectures, class discussion, and assigned readings in interpreting the document. Read between the lines of the document -- use your imagination. Good luck and have fun.

Source:

Maynes, Mary Jo and Ann Waltner. Primary Document Interpretation, History 1012: Introduction to World History. 2002. History Department, University of Minnesota. 28 Jan. 2003.

I'll answer essay question #28.

I will answer essay # 23

Ill give #24 a shot.

I will answer number twenty-five.

I'll take #34

Hey here is a site where alot on indepth information about Rome If you might be looking for information for your essay.
http://www.barca.fsnet.co.uk/rome.htm

Thursday, Chapter Four, The Roman Republic

23. How did Octavian manage to hold power in Rome for over four decades, when violence and assassination had been the fate of ambitious politicians for the previous century?
Pauline
24. Was Roman expansion in Italy and throughout the Mediterranean the result of self-determination and ambition or a response to external threats?
Bill
25. How did the struggle between plebeians and patricians reflect the complexities of the patron-client relationship as well as the Roman ideal of the paterfamilias?
Oyindamola
28. How did women’s experiences in the Roman Republic differ from women’s lives in the Greek city-states?
Julianne
34. Plutarch wrote the Life of Caesar more than 150 years after Caesar's death. What aspects of this account seem contrived or too coincidental to consider the passage a completely accurate narrative of Caesar's assassination?
Darlene

Chapter Five The Empire and Christianity

LECTURE AND DISCUSSION TOPICS

1. How did the successors of Augustus retain the strength of the empire? Where did they fall short in comparison to Augustus?
2. Imagine journey of the Roman empire by a first century A.D. merchant or professional. How would he have traveled, where would he have stayed, what would he have seen?
3. Describe the Roman army, its organization, functions, and role in politics, society and “Romanization.”
4. Compare rural and urban life in Roman imperial civilization.
5. Research the institution of slavery in the Roman empire. Consider the social and economic implications of the widespread use of slaves.
6. Organize a debate on the decline of the Roman empire.
7. Discuss how Christianity differed from the mystery religions of the Roman empire, including the nature of its appeal to different groups and the reasons why it eventually surpassed all rivals. Use the reading from Augustine to explore the personal psychology of Christian conversion.
8. How did the rulers of Rome deal with the variety of religions under their jurisdiction? How did they cope with the new religion of Christianity?
9. Consider the origins of Christianity and compare it to the origins of the other major religions.
10. Discuss the evolving role of women in the Christian community from the first century A.D. to the time of Augustine.
11. Have students contrast the views of Augustine or Benedict with those of Aristotle regarding the nature of man and what constitutes the good life.
12. Outline the issues that provoked accusations of heresy within early Christianity. Why did those issues cause such vigorous debate?

SUPPLEMENTAL FILMS

Archaeology: Mysteries of the Holy Land. 75 min. 1994. Learning Channel. Use of archaeological evidence in understanding events described in the Bible.

I , Claudius. 12 hrs. 21 min. Color. 1996. (7 cassettes). CBS/Fox Video. Wonderful adaptation of Robert Graves' novel. Excellent depiction of the role of women among Rome's ruling elite, as well as court and family intrigue and the power of the army.

Jerusalem: City of Heaven. 75 min. Discovery Channel.

Life of Jesus. 3 hrs. 48 min. Color. 1982. (4 cassettes) Good Times Video.

Ben Hur. 217 min. Color. 1959. Chariot races, naval battle, and massive spectacle, set in the time of Christ.

The City of God. 29 min. Color. Films for the Humanities. Christian world of Augustine, Benedict, and Gregory the Great.

Intimate Details of Roman Life. 27 min. Color. Films for the Humanities. Everyday life in the early Empire.

The Myth of Nasada. 28 min. Color. Films for the Humanities. Herod’s great fortress and the Jewish rebellion of 74 CE.

Roman Britain. 27 min. Color. Films for the Humanities. Buildings and artifacts from four centuries of Roman rule in Britain.

Roman City. 60 min. Color. 1994. Unicorn Projects, Inc. David Macaulay’s depiction of the construction of a typical frontier city at the height of the Empire.

Testament: Gospel Truth. 52 min. Color. Films for the Humanities. Historical evidence for the life of Jesus and writing of the Gospels.

Testament: Thine Is The Kingdom. 52 min. Color. Films for the Humanities. Christianity under Diocletian and Constantine.

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

The page numbers listed below indicate the correct answers and their locations in the text.
1. The three unifying elements that allowed the Roman empire to survive and work were
a. the Senate, the Consuls, and the Assemblies
b. the emperor, the family, and the army
c. the emperor, the Senate, and the army
d. the emperor, the army, and civil servants and town councils
e. the emperor, the army, and the Assemblies

2. The following is not true of the military during the Julio-Claudian period. The military
a. interfered more and more with civil authority
b. supported their own candidates for emperor
c. became increasingly subject to the emperor’s wishes
d. became increasingly subject to the dictates of the Senate

3. The period of the five good emperors was characterized by
a. dynastic succession within the royal line
b. stability and prosperity
c. the establishment of Christianity as the state religion
d. more democratic institutions

4. During the period of the Pax Romana
a. agriculture in Italy was carried out on small peasant farms
b. cities in the western part of the empire were larger and wealthier than those in the east
c. Italian manufactures surpassed those of other provinces
d. deforestation and over-grazing may have harmed the economy of Italy

5. Which was not true of cities in the first centuries of the Roman empire?
a. many citizens lived in poor housing
b. good systems of water supply and waste disposal existed
c. people could not rely on the protection of the law outside of the urban areas
d. many cities also had suburbs

6. The Roman legal system
a. distinguished between citizens and non-citizens
b. allowed subjects of the empire to maintain their own customs
c. served as a model for many subsequent law codes in Western Europe
d. all of the above


7. Which best describes Roman literature during the centuries of the Pax Romana?
a. it frequently used Greek works as models
b. it seldom criticized politicians or people in authority
c. it dealt with escapist themes rather than everyday life
d. it was reluctant to study the era of the Roman Republic

8. The breakdown of the Pax Romana led to a shift in power favoring
a. the plebeians
b. the Senate
c. the patricians
d. the emperor
e. the consuls

9. In the third century A.D. the Roman empire suffered from
a. reluctance on the part of citizens to perform unpaid civic duties
b. heavier defense costs
c. a series of long-term and capable emperors
d. a and b
e. all of the above

10. Slavery in the Roman empire was
a. based on race
b. unproductive in the long term because it gave little incentive for hard work
c. a factor leading to technological innovation in agriculture because slaves were so expensive
d. confined to workers in agriculture
e. responsible for the overpopulation of the empire

11. Diocletian’s reforms included
a. the creation of the Tetrarchy
b. the elimination of taxes on land
c. the reduction of taxes on trade
d. the elimination of the Tetrarchy

12. Which factors did not contribute to the disintegration of Roman control in western Europe?
a. the area was less defensible
b. the area was less populous
c. the emperors opposed the explosion of Christianity in the west
d. local elites undermined the policies of the imperial administration

13. Which statement is not true of the Jewish experience under Roman rule?
a. the Jewish religion was outlawed by the Romans
b. a strain of Jewish thought believed in the coming of a Messiah
c. several Jewish rebellions against Roman rule soured relations between Jews and Rome
d. there were conflicts among the Jews over whether Gentiles could convert to Judaism

14. Regarding the issue of conversion, Paul advocated
a. circumcision as a condition of conversion
b. conversion on the basis of personal faith
c. conversion based on observation of Mosaic law
d. conversion on the basis of ethnic identity

15. The Edict of Milan issued by Constantine in 313 A.D.
a. made Christianity the official state religion
b. legalized Christianity in Italy alone
c. extended freedom of worship to Christians and ended the age of persecutions
d. ordered all pagans to convert to Christianity and closed pagan temples

16. Christianity became the only religion tolerated in the Roman empire in approximately
a. 100 A.D.
b. 200 A.D.
c. 300 A.D.
d. 400 A.D.

17. The Donatist heresy was repudiated when the orthodox church declared that
a. Jesus was of the same substance as God
b. Jesus was the son of a virgin
c. the sacraments confer grace regardless of the spiritual state of the priest administering them
d. any true believer may receive revelations from God

18. Women in early Christianity
a. were given ever greater roles in church affairs over time
b. were often viewed in a contradictory light
c. played an important role in conversion
d. all of the above
e. none of the above

19. Which is not correctly matched?
a. St. Paul: inclusion of Gentiles in the Christian religion
b. St. Ambrose: assertion that emperors control the church
c. St. Jerome: translation of the Old and New Testaments into the Latin version of the Bible called the Vulgate
d. St. Augustine: argument that humans are predestined to salvation or damnation

20. In his writings, Augustine of Hippo addressed issues of
a. sexual morality
b. celibacy for all Christians
c. the work of grace
d. the nature of God and salvation
e. all of the above

ESSAY QUESTIONS

21. Describe social conditions in the Roman empire. What class divisions existed? How did these divisions manifest themselves in daily life?
22. It is certainly true that the Romans borrowed much of their philosophy and artistic forms from the Greeks. What were the major contributions of the Romans themselves to the heritage of the West?
23. How did the reforms undertaken by Diocletian and his successors lead possibly lead to the collapse of the empire rather than its salvation?
24. Most observers now agree that in the first and second centuries A.D., the Roman empire faced serious economic and social problems. What were these weaknesses, and why might they have taken two centuries to become apparent?
25. Did Christianity pose a challenge to the Roman state? How?
26. When Diocletian decided that the Empire was too large to be ruled by one individual, the Empire had been effectively ruled by one Emperor for almost two centuries. What factors explain Diocletian's decision to share rule? What had changed internally and externally between the time of the "Five Good Emperors" and the time of Diocletian?
27. Discuss the various explanations for the "decline" of the Roman Empire. Which one do you find most compelling?
28. How important do you think the anti-Christian attitude of Edward Gibbon was in shaping his arguments about the decline of Rome because of the influence of Christianity? Does this negate Gibbon's contributions to the study of Rome?
29. Explain the link between the decline of Rome and the rise of persecution of Christians up to and especially during the emperorship of Diocletian.
30. What aspects distinguish Christianity and Judaism from the "mystery religions," and how do these distinctions help explain the survival of these two religions and the disappearance of the "mystery religions"?

CRITICAL THINKING

Evaluating Evidence
31. How does the statute of Gaius Octavius on page 136 convey leadership and military prowess, but also the paternalism of the paterfamilias? What devices are used in the statute to portray this image?

32. How does the column on page 140 communicate the power and magnificence of Rome over the barbarians? How does the monumental column glorify Rome? Compare it to the arch on page 143.

33. How does Map 5.2 reveal the engineering and architectural sophistication that ancient Rome? What provisions for commercial success and social pleasures can you find?

34. How does the Sacred Way, pictured on page 147 reflect the culture of early Imperial Rome?

35. Consider Map 5.4. How could historians use such a map to justify the claim that huge military expenses contributed to the "fall" of the Roman Empire?

36. Early Christianity has often been characterized as an urban religion. Use Maps 5.3, 5.5, and 5.6 to argue for or against this assessment.

37. What does the mosaic on page 171 indicate about attitudes towards women in the early Christian Church?

Critical Analysis
Tacitus on the Power of Augustus
38. Can the historian trust Tacitus's account of Augustus given his disillusionment with Rome? Or should the historian consider the Annals a critical but objective commentary?

39. How would you interpret the measures of Augustus? Did he intend to enhance his own power or restore the Republic?

Augustine is Brought to His Faith
40. What examples of pagan views on morality and chastity appear in this selection? How did these pagan views influence Augustine's Christian theology?

41. How might Augustine's pre-conversion search for spirituality have predisposed him to convert to Christianity? Do you find this account of his conversion convincing?


IDENTIFICATIONS


42. Pax Romana
43. Trajan
44. Hadrian’s Wall
45. latifundia
46. Colosseum
47. ius gentium
48. Virgil
49. the Aeneid
50. Horace
51. St. Perpetua
52. bishops
53. the pope
54. Donatus
55. Arianism
56. curia
57. Constantine
58. Ambrose of Milan
59. Jerome
60. the Vulgate
61. Augustine
62. Herod the Great
63. Jewish Wars
64. Sadducees
65. Pharisees
66. Essenes
67. Julio-Claudians
68. Sermon on the Mount
69. Eucharist
70. Paul
71. Theodosius
72. Juvenal
73. Livy
74. Tacitus
75. colonus/coloni
76. Diocletian
77. Nicene Creed
78. Origen
79. Byzantine Empire
80. Edward Gibbon
81. Mithraism
82. Jesus of Nazareth
83. City of God

Tuesday Class Outline

Questions from Ch. 4, The Roman Republic
25. How did the struggle between plebeians and patricians reflect the complexities of the patron-client relationship as well as the Roman ideal of the paterfamilias?
Oyindamola
28. How did women’s experiences in the Roman Republic differ from women’s lives in the Greek city-states?
Julianne
34. Plutarch wrote the Life of Caesar more than 150 years after Caesar's death. What aspects of this account seem contrived or too coincidental to consider the passage a completely accurate narrative of Caesar's assassination?
Darlene

Chapter 5 The Empire and Christianity
Sign up for Thursday, first come, first serve

7. Discuss how Christianity differed from the mystery religions of the Roman empire, including the nature of its appeal to different groups and the reasons why it eventually surpassed all rivals. Use the reading from Augustine to explore the personal psychology of Christian conversion.
8. How did the rulers of Rome deal with the variety of religions under their jurisdiction? How did they cope with the new religion of Christianity?
10. Discuss the evolving role of women in the Christian community from the first century A.D. to the time of Augustine.
11. Have students contrast the views of Augustine or Benedict with those of Aristotle regarding the nature of man and what constitutes the good life.
12. Outline the issues that provoked accusations of heresy within early Christianity. Why did those issues cause such vigorous debate?
24. Most observers now agree that in the first and second centuries A.D., the Roman empire faced serious economic and social problems. What were these weaknesses, and why might they have taken two centuries to become apparent?
Augustine is Brought to His Faith
40. What examples of pagan views on morality and chastity appear in this selection? How did these pagan views influence Augustine's Christian theology?
Anyone wanted to lead a critical, academic discussion of "The Passion" is welcome. If someone views the movie, please report back to the class. There are resources listed below:

"The Passion of the Christ"
The National Council of Churches Interfaith Relations Commission
The NCC Reflection Guide
to Mel Gibson's Film
“The Passion of the Christ”
and Some Related Resources
http://www.ncccusa.org/interfaith/passionfilmresources.html

Critical analysis of the Passion:
www.adl.org
Anti-Defamation League
http://www.adl.org/PresRele/ASUS_12/4454_12.htm
ADL Poll: One in Four Americans Believe Jews Were Responsible for the Death of Christ

http://www.ajc.org/InTheMedia/PressReleases.asp?did=1062
American-Jewish Committee
Gibson Film "A Disturbing Setback to Christian-Jewish Relations"

www.muhlenberg.edu/cultural/ijcu/
The Christian Scholars Group on Christian-Jewish Relations
Facts, Faith, and Film-Making:
Jesus’ Passion and Its Portrayal

The Four Gospels
Why there are four Gospels

Chapter Five The Empire and Christianity

I'll answer #7

I'll answer #23 of chapter two.

Study materials for next week (please note, two chapters). Answer the multiple guess and identifications for class.

CHAPTER SIX
THE MAKING OF WESTERN EUROPE

1. Greeks and Romans called all foreigners "barbarians" because
a. they were not Christian
b. they did not live in cities
c. they did not reside in the Greek or Roman Empires
d. of their unintelligible languages and strange customs
e. of their pagan religious beliefs

2. Which characteristic best describes the Germanic tribes?
a. they all spoke the same language, the predecessor to modern German
b. they all originated in the area of modern Germany
c. their egalitarian social structure
d. they belonged to the same linguistic group
e. uniform culture and religious beliefs.

3. Many of the Germanic tribes entered the Roman Empire because
a. of pressure put on them by the westward migration of the Huns
b. of conversion to Roman Christianity
c. of defeat and enslavement by Roman armies
d. of Viking invasions
e. expansion of the Byzantine Empire forced them to migrate


4. Many of the German tribes practiced what religion before converting to Roman Christianity?
a. Arian Christianity
b. Catholic Christianit
c. Eastern (or Orthodox) Christianity
d. Nestorianism
e. Monophysite Christianity

5. What dynamic best describes the "fall " of the Roman Empire to the Germanic tribes?
a. invasion, settlement, and intermarriage between 200-400 A.D.
b. migration/invasion, conquest, settlement, and intermarriage over several centuries beginning around 300 A.D.
c. invasion and conquest in the sixth century.
d. defeat of the Roman army by the Frankish army of Clovis in 406 A.D.
e. Justinian the Great's conquest of Rome, Italy, and Spain.

6. The Visigothic defeat of the Byzantine army at Adrianople in 378 demonstrated the superiority of
a. Germanic military strategy
b. siege warfare over infantry
c. mounted warrior over infantry
d. infantry over cavalry
e. armies composed of the aristocracy over those of peasants

7. Much of what we know of early German society derives from which of the following author?
a. Bede the Venerable
b. Isidore of Seville
c. Clovis
d. Tacitus
e. Justinian the Great

8. Germanic art of the period is best exemplified by
a. monumental statues and palaces
b. tombs
c. jewelry
d. illuminated manuscripts depicting geometric forms
e. mosaics and murals

9. Why did Constantine move the capital of the Empire from Rome to New Rome (Constantinople)?
a. the Visigothic invasion of Italy
b. the Patriarch of Constantinople had much higher prestige than the Bishop of Rome
c. the relative ease of raising money and troops there
d. because of attacks by Attila the Hun
e. his conversion to Arian Christianity

10. The Franks eventually became rulers of:
a. Frisia.
b. Byzantium.
c. Italy.
d. Iberia.
e. northern Gaul


11. What is the most enduring accomplishment of the reign of Justinian the Great?
a. the separation of the Latin Christian Church from the Greek Orthodox Church
b. the unification of Gaul
c. the restoration of the Roman Empire
d. the systematic codification of Roman law
e. the emergence of the papacy

12. Which of the following Germanic tribes became known as "the eldest daughter" of the Western Church?
a. Visigoths
b. Ostrogoths
c. Franks
d. Burgundians
e. Vandals

13. How did the increasing use of the horse affect Germanic society?
a. because of mobility, settlement patterns became more rural
b. unable to afford a horse, many aristocrats became peasants
c. little if any social change accompanied the increased use of the horse
d. because of the expense, wealthy freemen became a new military aristocracy
e. peasants became wealthier because they grew more expensive oats to feed horses

14. The "do nothing kings" refers to
a. the Carolingian dynasty of Gaul
b. the British kings in England who were conquered by the Angles, Saxons, and Jutes
c. reccared and the Visigoths in Spain
d. the Merovingian successors of Clovis
e. the late-Roman emperors

15. Hagia Sophia (Holy Wisdom) refers to
a. classical and early Christian learning preserved in monasteries
b. the writings of early Christian scholars, particularly Isidore of Seville, Bede the Venerable, and Pope Gregory the Great
c. a large church in Constantinople
d. the Greek translation of Scripture
e. the Rule of St. Benedict

16. Which one of the following is NOT a reason for the emergence of the single-family peasant farm as the basic unit of agricultural production in the Early Middle Ages?
a. the mounted soldier made warfare expensive, so many warriors became full-time farmers
b. decline of birthrate made it necessary for entire families to work in agricultural production
c. horses made it easier although more expensive for farmers to support themselves
d. more economically feasible for landowners to rent their land to farmers

17. Which one of the following is NOT an technological achievement of the Early Middle Ages?
a. three-field system
b. horse collar
c. heavy plow
d. light-plow
e. horse shoe


18. The Council of Whitby in 663 determined that
a. all Christians in Gaul must practice Arian rather than Roman Christianity
b. the Visigoths give up all territory in Gaul after their defeat by Clovis
c. all monasteries follow the Rule of St. Benedict
d. Arianism was an heretical belief
e. Roman rather than Irish Christianity would be practiced in England

19. The Doctrine of Petrine Succession requires that
a. all Byzantine Emperors submit to the Patriarch of Constantinople in religious matters
b. the Latin Roman Church and the Greek Orthodox Church remain separate
c. German kings practice partible inheritance
d. the Apostle Peter endowed by Jesus Christ with supreme responsibility of the Roman Church and that the pope was the successor to Peter
e. the Bishop of Rome be only “one bishop among all bishops”

20. The Rule of St. Benedict is
a. a manual of converting pagans to Christianity
b. Roman-Papal law
c. the codification of Roman law in Lombardy (Italy)
d. a description of the ascetic practices of hermits
e. a guide to monastic life

21. Gregory I (r. 590-604) provides an excellent example of
a. Germanic kingship
b. the difficulties encountered by the Frankish custom of partible inheritance
c. a successful missionary among pagans
d. the growth of papal primacy in the west
e. the decline of the Roman Empire in the West

22. Monasteries in the Early Middle Ages
a. served as centers of learning
b. played a major role in local politics and government
c. set an example of innovative agricultural practices
d. all of the above

IDENTIFICATIONS

44. Visigoths
45. Wergeld
46. comitatus
47. Tacitus
48. Charles Martel
49. three-field system
50. Pepin the Short
51. Boethius
52. Henry Pirenne
53. Theodoric
54. Council of Whitby
55. Benedictine missionaries
56. Justinian the Great
57. St. Benedict
58. Gregory the Great
59. scriptoria
60. Clovis
61. Attila the Hun
62. Constantinople
63. Hagia Sophia
64. Ulfila
65. Merovingians
66. Cassiodorus
67. Sidonius Apollinaris
68. compurgation
69. Doctrine of Petrine Succession
70. Theodora
71. Corpus Iuris Civilis
72. monasticism
73. Ravenna
74. Kingdom of the Sassanids
75. Bede the Venerable

CHAPTER SEVEN
THE EMPIRES OF THE EARLY MIDDLE AGES (800-1000): CREATION AND EROSION
MULTIPLE CHOICE


1. Heraclius recovered much of the Byzantine Empire by 622 by defeating
a. Persia
b. Seljuk Turks
c. Visigoths
d. Merovingians
e. Muslims

2. Islam expanded rapidly because
a. the Greek Orthodox Church's belief in Arianism had alienated many Christians
b. western Latin Christians opposed the Byzantine Empire
c. conquests by Persians had softened up the Byzantines
d. the reorganization of the themes and strategoi in Arabia made the Moslem army more efficient
e. their toleration for “people of the book”

3. Iconoclasm, the policy initiated by Emperor Leo III (r. 717-741), required that
a. All icons be worshiped as true representations of God
b. All soldiers (themes) live and fight as a collective unit (strategoi)
c. All religious texts had to be translated into Greek from Latin
d. Images of Jesus, Mary, and the saints be destroyed
e. Sacred and secular kingship be combined into one

4. The result of Leo III's policy of iconoclasm was
a. Many Moslems converted to Greek Orthodox Christianity
b. Many Greek Christians converted to Islam
c. A widening gulf between Latin Christianity and Greek Christianity
d. The conversion of the pagans in Gaul slowed down tremendously
e. Many Arian Christians became Catholic Christians

5. The use of vernacular languages in the Orthodox Church allowed
a. The superiority of the Patriarch of Constantinople over the Pope
b. The development of a centralized authority in the eastern churches
c. The supremacy of the Pope in determining religious dogma
d. The unity of liturgical development
e. The development of autonomous churches based on vernacular languages

6. Which best describes the position and status of women in the Byzantine Empire?
a. Divorced women and widows had full legal rights
b. Byzantine nuns could perform charity work outside the monastery
c. Dowries stayed with the husband's family
d. Life remained very much as it had in the ancient world
e. Women took the lead in business and commerce because husbands were soldiers

7. The schism between the eastern and western Churches was provoked by
a. Papal claims of supremacy
b. disagreement over whether priests could or could not marry
c. The emergence of Rome as the most powerful city in the Mediterranean
d. Linguistic and cultural differences

8. Arabia had never been conquered by either the Byzantines or the Persians because
a. The Red Sea prevented an invasion
b. Muslim fortifications make it militarily difficult
c. the Arabian peninsula’s harsh environment
d. United Arab tribes deterred invasions
e. Arabs were people of the book

9. The hijra formed a turning point in Muhammad's career because it
a. Marked the beginning of Allah's revelations
b. Began the siege and eventual defeat of Mecca
c. Became a fundamental duty of his (and Islamic) faith
d. Marked the completion of the compilation of the Koran
e. Provided him with a political and military base

10. According to Islam, the final prophet of God (Allah) is
a. Abraham
b. Ishmael
c. Jesus
d. Zoraster
e. Muhammad

11. Moslem toleration of "people of the Book" includes
a. Sumerians
b. Muhammadeans
c. Literate individuals
d. Saracens
e. Christians

12. Sunnites believe that
a. Only the descendants of Ali, Muhammad's son-in-law, are legitimate rulers
b. The Koran forms the only legitimate Islamic law
c. Only Arab Moslems can become religious teachers
d. Writings of companions of Muhammad regarding various problems are legitimate laws
e. All religious authority rests in the Umayyads

13. The position of women in Islamic society depended very much on
a. The number of husbands she had
b. Her social class and when she lived
c. Inheritance from her family
d. Ethnic heritage
e. The number of wives a man had

14. An important Spanish-Islamic scholar on Aristotle that helped shape western philosophy was
a. Cordova
b. Ibn-Rushd
c. Rhazes
d. Alhambra
e. Harun al-Rashid

15. The Umayyads are
a. Arab successors to Ali, the fourth Caliph
b. A Moslem school of philosophers specializing in Aristotle
c. Successors to the Abbassid Dynasty
d. The Turkish tribe that defeated the Byzantine army at Manzikert
e. The Frankish dynasty preceding the Carolingians

16. One of the primary goals of Charlemagne was to
a. be crowned Emperor
b. conquer Anglo-Saxon England
c. encourage learning within his domains
d. regain the Holy Land from the Moslems

17. Missi dominici describe
a. The chief magistrates of the Imperial Court
b. Imperial ideology stressing the sacredness of the Emperor
c. Collections of imperial edicts
d. The title of Einhard's biography of Charlemagne
e. Travelling imperial inspectors

18. Which of the following best describes the Carolingian Renaissance?
a. New and speculative philosophy regarding the relation between faith and reason
b. The re-establishment of Carolingian commerce using the denarius as standard specie
c. Revival of the Carolingian miniscule
d. Standardization of education, language, texts, and Church liturgy
e. Also called the Northumbrian Renaissance because of where it took place

19. His translation of the Bible became the standard in western Europe during the Middle Ages.
a. King James
b. St. Benedict
c. Vulgate
d. Alcuin
e. Louis the Pious

20. The Treaty of Verdun
a. Divided the Carolingian Empire into three parts
b. Gave Normandy to the Viking king Rollo
c. Established the Danelaw
d. Formalized the schism between the western and eastern churches
e. Marked the Carolingian Emperor protector of the Papacy

21. One of the principle reasons for the Viking out-migrations from Scandinavia was
a. Magyar invasions and migrations forced them to seek to lands to settle
b. The Viking wanted to trade more with the wealthy Rus
c. Arable land could not support the population expansion
d. An invitation by the French king to protect his kingdom against Saracen invasion
e. Population decline of the Verangians allowed settlement of the Vikings in sparsely populated areas


22. The Eddas help illuminate the legends of
a. The pagan Anglo-Saxons
b. Christianized Anglo-Saxons
c. Carolingian Franks and their conquest of the Merovingians
d. The origins of the Rus in Kiev
e. The Norse Gods

23. Which one of the following was primarily responsible for the decline of the Principality of Kiev?
a. Viking invasions
b. Conversion to Christianity
c. Expansion of the Cumans under Yaroslav the Wise
d. internal struggles and external invaders
e. Rebellion of the boyars

IDENTIFICATIONS

43. Herclius
44. bezant
45. Muhammad
46. iconoclasm
47. Great Schism
48. Louis the Pious
49. Alcuin
50. Sunnites
51. Vladimir
52. Islam
53. Carolingian Renaissance
54. Yaroslav the Wise
55. The Edda
56. Ibn-Rushd/Averröes
57. Danelaw
58. Boyars
59. Kiev
60. Seljuk Turks
61. missi dominici
62. Al-Razi
63. denarius
64. Treaty of Verdun
65. Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
66. Normandy
67. mecca
68. filioque
69. guilds
70. Shiites
71. Kingdom of Lothar
72. Alfred the Great
73. hijra
74. Umayyads

Take home Mid-Term handed out next Tuesday, due Thursday 4 March 2004
Typed double-spaced

Three part Mid-Term
Multiple guess questions
Identifications
Essay/s

If you have answered essays in class you should have no difficulty with the Mid-Term at all; or, if you have answered the questions from each chapter and identified the chapter's content you are prepared for the Mid-Term. There are no surprises; this is simply a test of the material we have covered.

q50 on mid term paper is absurd! ^^